Outline of Major Topics to be covered in this
course lecture.
I. Crystallography (chapter 6, page 109-142, chapter 7, page 143-158, chapter 8, page 169-181, chapter 9, page 189-216)
Symmetry operations, combinations of operations
Point group symmetry, and crystal classes; Harmann-Maugin symbols
Miller indices
Stereographic plotting of symmetry elements, faces and forms
Crystal systems: and their recognition and definition
II. X-ray crystallography (chapter 14, page 307-330)
Generation of x-rays, x-ray tubes
Characteristic and white (continuous) radiation
Diffraction and the Bragg equation
Why powder diffraction works
III. Crystal chemistry (chapter 3, page 37-64, chapter 4, page 66-89, chapter 5, page 90-108 and Chapter 18, page 434-482)
Bonding, coordination, and coordination polyhedra, radius ratios
Polymorphism (types of transformations), solid solution, exsolution
Color in minerals; ligand field theory
Nucleation and growth of minerals
IV. Phase equlibria (chapter 11, page 245-265)
The phase rule
Reading phase diagrams; one, two and three component systems
Free energy and phase diagrams
V. Optical crystallography (chapter 13, page 287, 306 and many chapters from Bloss)
Index of refraction, refraction of light, Snell's law
Becke lines and dispersion colors
Indicatrix theory and the geometry of isotropic, uniaxial, and biaxial minerals
The relationship between crystallography and optical behavior
Origin of interference colors; birefringence; path difference
Addition and subtraction with accessory plates
Interference figures; their origin and interoperation
Determination of optic sign
Optics of many common rock forming minerals
Syllabus:
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| January 3 | M | Introduction |
| January 5 | W | Crystallography, Lattice, Lattice point, Lattice line, Lattice plane |
| January 7 | F | Crystallography, Lattice, Lattice point, Lattice line, Lattice plane |
| January 10 | M | Symmetry operations, combination of operations, Point group symmetry & crystal classes; |
| January 12 | W | Symmetry operations, combination of operations, Point group symmetry & crystal classes; |
| January 14 | F | Symmetry operations, combination of operations, Point group symmetry & crystal classes; |
| January 17 | M | Hermann-Magui symbols, Miller Indices, Setereographic plotting of symmetry
|
| January 19 | W | Crystal chemistry: Bonding, coordination & coordination polyhedral, radius ratios, |
| January 21 | F | Crystal chemistry: Bonding, coordination & coordination polyhedral, radius ratios, |
| January 24 | M | Structures: Major types of silicate minerals, structural groups, variation of silica from group to group, recognition of group base on the Si/O |
| January 26 | W | Structures: Major types of silicate minerals, structural groups, variation
of silica from group to group, recognition of group base on the Si/O |
| January 28 | F | Time to catch up |
| January 31 | M | X-ray crystallography, Characteristic & continuous radiation. |
| February 2 |
W | Diffraction and Bragg equation. How powder diffraction works.(Remember also there will Mineral Id exam on February 9 and 10) |
| February 4 | F | Review |
| February 7 | M | Midterm Break |
| February 9 | W | Phase equilbria and thermodynamics; The phase rule, reading phase diagrams, one, two, three component systems; |
| February 11 | F | Midterm exam (1 hour long) |
| February 14 | M | Optical mineralogy, Light, refractive index; polarized light, isotropic media,Becke lines, Dispersion, relation between crystallography and optical behavior of minerals. |
| February 16 | W | Isotropic minerals; uniaxial optics, optic sign, birefringence, & origin of interference colors |
| February 18 | F | The indicatrix; interference figures. Uniaxial minerals |
| February 21 | M | Biaxial minerals, the biaxial indicatrixm, Biaxial optics, optic angle, sign, orientation |
| February 23 | W | Dispersion, its effects, observation and use |
| February 25 | F | General description of alkali feldspars optics Plagioclase feldspar optics, determinative methods |
| February 28 | M | Take home exam, Optics of Olivines and pyroxenes |
| March 2 | W | Optics of Amphiboles |
| March 4 | F | Optics of Micas Aluminosilicates |
| March 7 | M | Time to catch up. |
| March 9 | W | Take home exam due |
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Grading:
| Midterm | 25 % |
| Mineral Id | 25 % |
| Take Home exam | 25% |
| Laboratory, Quizzes and Homework | 25 % |
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Exams and quizzes:
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| Midterm | February 11 | 60 minutes |
| Mineral Id | February 9 and 10 | 60 minutes during lab time |
| Take Home Exam | February 28 | Week and half long |
| Take Home Exam due | March 9@ 5:00 PM | |
| Quizzes | At the end of each Chapter | 10 minutes long |
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Laboratory syllabus:
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| Lab | Date | Topic | Reading |
| Lab 1 | January 5 and 6 | Physical properties of minerals | Chapter, 2, page 19-36 |
| Lab 2 | January 12 and 13 | Crystallography | Chapter, 6, 7, 8 and 9, p. 109-216, CD |
| Lab 3 | January 19 and 20 | Systematic Min. Identification | Chapter, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 |
| Lab 4 | January 26 and 27 | X-Ray Crystallography | Chapter, 14 |
| Lab 5 | February 2 and 3 | ||
| Lab 6 | February 9 and 10 | Optics | Chapter, 13 |
| Lab 7 | February 16and 17 | Isotopic minerals and Uniaxial minerals | Chapter, 13 and Bloss* |
| Lab 8 | February 23 and 24 | Uniaxial minerals | Bloss |
| Lab 9 | March 2 and 3 | Biaxial Minerals | Bloss |
Lab Information and Syllabus:
All labs are due at the beginning of the following lab.
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Reading from Bloss*:
| Topic | page |
| Refractive index, isotropic and anisotropic media | 6 |
| Snell's law | 8 |
| Dispersion | 12 |
| Optical examination of isotropic substances, Refractive index measurement in liquids. | 47 |
| Optical indicatrics | 106 |
| Interference colors | 65-90 |
| Orthoscopic and conoscopic | 106 |
| Origin of isochromes | 109 |
| Origin of isogyres | 112 |
| Types of Uniaxial interference figures | 116-120 |
| Determination of optic sign | 127-130 |
| Extinction angles | 145 |
| Absorption and pleochroism | 147 |
| Biaxial crystals, Biaxial indicatrix | 151-153 |
| Biaxial interference figures | 170-177 |
| Determination of optic sign in biaxial minerals | 197 |
| Measurement of 2V and Measurement and significance of extinction angles | 203, 207-210 |
| Sign of elongation | 211 |
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Laboratory Supplies:
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Below is a list of laboratory supplies needed for every laboratory exercise
for Mineralogy 250 and a clue as to where the materials may be found or obtained.
Lab 1 Mineral Properties and hand specimen identification
Lab 2 Crystallography,
Wooden blocks
- Mineral samples
Lab 3 X-ray and Density
- Demonstration of X-ray in Mudd
- X-ray diffraction chart recording
Lab 4 Systematic Mineral Identification: Native Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts,
Oxides,, Hydroxides, Halides, Phosphates, Carbonates,
Sulfates, and Silicates
- Review mineral identification techniques: color, hardness, etc.
- Review characteristics of the minerals of the week
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Labs 6-9 Optical mineralogy
Familiarization of parts and their functions of the optical microscope. Immersion
method determining refractive Index. Optical examination of Isotropic minerals
in immersion oils, uniaxial and biaxial minerals, and optics of the most common
rock forming minerals.
Microscopes, oils with different refractive index and many thin-sections consisting
of different minerals will be available for these labs.
Required Books and Materials:
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Book: Klein, C., 2002, Mineral Science, (23nd
Edition), Wiley & Sons, 675 pages
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Useful References (* indicates book(s) on General Reserve)
Berry, L.G., Mason, B. and Dietrich, R.B., 1983, Mineralogy(*) (2nd Edition),
W.H. Freeman & Co., 561 p.
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. and Zussman, J., 1966, An Introduction to the Rock-forming
Minerals(*), Longman, 528 p.
Zoltai, T. and Stout, J.H., 1984, Mineralogy Concepts and Principles(*), Burgess
Publishing Co., 505 p.
Dana's System of Mineralogy, John Wiley and Sons.
Vol. 1. Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Oxides, Palache, C., Berman, H. and
Frondel, C., 1944.
Vol. 2. Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates,
Tungstates, Molybdates, etc., Palache, C., Berman, H. and Frondel, C., 1951.
Vol. 3. Silica Minerals, Frondel, C., 1962.
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. and Zussman, J., John Wiley and Sons.
Vol. 1. Ortho and Ring Silicates, 1962.
Vol. 2. Chain Silicates, 1963.
Vol. 3. Sheet Silicates, 1962.
Vol. 4. Framework Silicates, 1963.
Vol. 5. Non Silicates, 1962.
Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America
Vol. 1. Sulfide Mineralogy, Ribbe, P.H., Ed., 1974, 284 p.
Vol. 2. Feldspar Mineralogy, Ribbe, P.H., Ed., 1982, 350 p.
Vol. 3. Oxide Minerals, Rumble, D., III, Ed., 1976, 502 p.
Vol. 4. Mineralogy and Geology of Natural Zeolites, Mumpton, F.A., Ed., 1977,
232 p.
Vol. 5. Orthosilicates, Ribbe, P.H., Ed., 1982, 410 p.
Vol. 6. Marine Minerals, Burns, R.G. Ed., 1979, 380 p.
Vol. 7. Pyroxenes, Prewitt, C.T., Ed., 1980, 525 p.
Vol. 9a. Amphiboles and other Hydrous Pyriboles- Mineralogy, Veblen, D.R., Ed.,
1981, 372 p.
Vol. 11. Carbonates: Mineralogy and Chemistry, Reeder, R.J., Ed., 1983, 394
p.
Vol. 13. Micas, Bailey, S.W., Ed., 1984, 584 p.
Vol. 19. Hydrous Phyllosilicates (Exclusive of Micas), Bailey, S.W., Ed., 1988,
725 p.
Vol. 21. Geochem. and mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements, Lipin, B.R. and McKay,
G.A., Eds., 1989, 348 p.
Handbook of Mineralogy, Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W. &
Nichols, M.C.,
Mineral Data Publ., Tucson, AZ.